A proposed scale for measuring brand equity of non-profit organizations
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7388039Keywords:
Brand Equity, Non-Profit Organization, Measurement Model Scale, Social MarketingAbstract
Non-profit Organizations (NPO) are relevant entities in the dynamics of the social and economic process of the countries at the global level. It is for this reason the purpose of this study is to provide a proposed for a model and scale of brand equity measurement for these organizations. The methodological process was a mixed approach at the exploratory-descriptive level, starting with the bibliographic review and development of qualitative techniques, continuing to the validation of their viability through semi-structured interviews, conclude with a pilot test. Satisfactory results are shown for the model formed by the dimensions: brand personality, brand image, brand awareness, brand loyalty, perceived quality, brand commitment, brand trust, donation intent, volunteer intent and brand equity, the main findings are: The Interrater Agreement (IRA) of both groups exceeds the minimum required by 0.80 (experts 0.86 and volunteers 0.91) which allows affirming that there is a high degree of consistency in their evaluations. In addition, the instrument presented a level of internal consistency analyzed through Cronbach's Alpha with a highly satisfactory result of 0.981.
Downloads
References
Aaker, D. (1991). Managing Brand Equity: Capitalizing on the Value of a Brand Name. New York: Free Press.
Aaker, D. (1994). Gestión del valor de la marca: Capitalizar el valor de la marca. Madrid: Díaz de Santos, S.A.
Aaker, D. (2002). Construir Marcas Poderosa. Barcelona: Gestión 2000.
Aaker, J. (1997). Dimensions of brand personality. Journal of Marketing Research, 34(3), 347-356. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151897
Aaker, J., Fournier, S. & Brasel, S. (2004). When Good Brands Do Bad. Journal of Consumer Research, 31(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1086/383419
Alakkas, A., Vivek, Paul, M., Nabi, M. & Khan, M. (2022). Corporate Social Responsibility and Firm-Based Brand Equity: The Moderating Effect of Marketing Communication and Brand Identity. Sustainability, 14(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106033
Andik, S. & Rachma, A. (2022). The Impact of Brand Awareness, Brand Association, and Perceived Quality towards Brand Loyalty (A case study of New Product). E3S Web of Conferences, 348, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202234800035
Arnett, D., Laverie, D. A. & Meiers, A. (2003). Developing parsimonious retailer equity indexes using partial least squares analysis: A method and applications. Journal of Retailing, 79(3), 161-170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4359(03)00036-8
Azzari, V. & Pelissari, A. (2020). Does Brand Awareness Influences Purchase Intention? The Mediation Role of Brand Equity Dimensions. Brazilian Business Review 17(6), 669-685. https://doi.org/10.15728/bbr.2020.17.6.4
Beldad, A., Gosselt, J., Hegner, S. & Leushuis, R. (2015). Generous But Not Morally Obliged? Determinants of Dutch and American Donors’ Repeat Donation Intention (REPDON). Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary & Nonprofit Organizations, 26(2), 442-465. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43654690
Bhattacharya, C., Rao, H. & Glynn, M. (1995). Understanding the bond of identification: An investigation of its correlates among art museum members. Journal of Marketing, 59(4), 46-57. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299505900404
Biel, A. (1993). Converting Image Into Equity. In D. Aaker & A. Biel (1st ed.), Brand Equity & Advertising´s Role in Building Strong Brands (pp. 67-82). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Blery, E., Katseli, E. & Tsara, N. (2010). Marketing for a non-profit organization. International Review on Public and Non - Profit Marketing, 7(1), 57-68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12208-010-0049-2
Bortree, D. & Waters, R. (2014). Race and Inclusion in Volunteerism: Using Communication Theory to Improve Volunteer Retention. Journal of Public Relations Research, 26(3), 215-234. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2013.864245
Cao, X. (2016). Framing charitable appeals: The effect of message framing and perceived susceptibility to the negative consequences of inaction on donation intention. International Journal of Nonprofit & Voluntary Sector Marketing, 21(1), 3-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.1536
Cejudo-García, E., Navarro-Valverde, F., Cañete-Pérez, J. & Ruiz-Moya, N. (2021). The Third Sector: The “Other” Actors of Rural Development, Andalusia 2000–2015. Sustainability, 13(24). https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413976
Chaudhuri, A. & Holbrook, M. (2002). Product-class effects on brand commitment and brand outcomes: The role of brand trust and brand affect. Journal of Brand Management, 10(1), 33-58. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.bm.2540100
Chen, X., Fang, Q. & Wang, Z. (2020). Chinese brand–individual values congruity and willingness of consumers from other countries to use positive word of mouth. Social Behavior & Personality: an international journal, 48(8), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.8899
Chinomona, R. (2016). Brand communication, brand image and brand trust as antecedents of brand loyalty in Gauteng Province of South Africa. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 7(1), 124-139. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJEMS-03-2013-0031
Chouthoy, S. & Kazi, R. (2016). En route to a Theory—Building Consumer Brand Commitment through CSR Reputation. Global Business and Management Research: An International Journal, 8(3), 67-82.
Corral-Lagea, J., Maguregui-Urionabarrenechea, L. & Elechiguerra-Arrizabalaga, C. (2019). An empirical investigation of the Third Sector in Spain: Towards a unified reconceptualization. Revista de Contabilidad - Spanish Accounting Review, 22(2), 145-155. https://doi.org/10.6018/rcsar.376151
Correia, S. & Miranda, F. (2012). DUAQUAL: The quality perceived by teachers and students in university management. Cuadernos de Gestión, 12(1), 107-122. https://doi.org/10.5295/cdg.100251sc
Cronbach, L. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297-334. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02310555
Ditkoff, S., Powell, A., Gardner, K. & Tierney, T. (2018). Four Pathways to Greater Giving. What will it take to unlock dramatically more philanthropy from America’s wealthiest families?. The Bridgespan Group.
Erdem, T., Swait, J. & Valenzuela, A. (2006). Brands as Signals: A Cross-Country Validation Study. Journal of Marketing, 70(1), 34-49. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.70.1.034.qxd
Escurra, L. (1988). Cuantificación de la validez de contenido por criterio de jueces. Revista de Psicología, 6(1-2), 103-111. https://doi.org/10.18800/psico.198801-02.008
Faircloth, J. (2005). Factors influencing nonprofit resource provider support decisions: Applying the brand equity concept to nonprofits. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 13(3), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/10696679.2005.11658546
Farquhar, P. (1989). Managing Brand Equity. Marketing Research, 1(3), 24-33.
Feinstein, A. & Cicchetti, D. (1990). High agreement but low kappa: I. The problems of two paradoxes. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 43(6), 543-549. https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(90)90158-L
Fleiss, J. (1981). Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions (2nd. ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Fournier, S. (1998). Consumers and Their Brands: Developing Relationship Theory in Consumer Research. Journal of Consumer Research, 24(4), 343-373. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/209515
Fresno, J. (2009). Carta de Presentation. In L. Moro (1st ed) Gestion Actual de una ONG. (pp. 11-14). Madrid: LID.
Fullerton, G. (2005). The Impact of Brand Commitment on Loyalty to Retail Service Brands. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences 22(2), 97-110. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-4490.2005.tb00712.x
Gensch, D. (1978). Image-Measurement Segmentation. Journal of Marketing Research, 15(3), 384–394. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224377801500309
Hanulakova, E., Dano, F., Kukura, M. & Hula, R. (2021). Marketing in Social Innovations Targeted at Healthcare. Management of Innovations, 3, 90-107. https://doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2021.3-08
Healy, M. (2007). School Choice, Brand Loyalty and Civic Loyalty. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 41(4), 743-756. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9752.2007.00594.x
Hegner, S. & Jevons, C. (2016). Brand trust: A cross-national validation in Germany, India, and South Africa. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 25(1), 58-68. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-02-2015-0814
Herrera, A. (1998). Notas sobre psicometría. Guía para el curso de psicometría. Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
Hou, J., Du, L. & Tian, Z. (2009). The effects of nonprofit brand equity on individual giving intention: Mediating by the self-concept of individual donor. International Journal of Nonprofit & Voluntary Sector Marketing, 14(3), 215-229. https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.356
Hoyer, W. & Brown, S. (1990). Effects of Brand Awareness on Choice for a Common, Repeat-Purchase Product. Journal of Consumer Research, 17(2), 141-148. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1086/208544
Ishaq, M. (2021). Multidimensional green brand equity: A cross-cultural scale development and validation study. International Journal of Market Research, 63(5), 560-575. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470785320932040
Jiranek, P., Kals, E., Humm, J., Strubel, I. & Wehner, T. (2013). Volunteering as a Means to an Equal End? The Impact of a Social Justice Function on Intention to Volunteer. Journal of Social Psychology, 153(5), 520-541 https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2013.768594
Keller, K. (1993). Conceptualizing, Measuring, Managing Customer-Based Brand Equity. Journal of Marketing, 57(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299305700101
Khan, M. & Mahmood, Z. (2012). Impact of Brand Loyalty Factors on Brand Equity. International Journal of Academic Research, 4(1), 33-37.
Kovach, H., Neligan, C. & Burall, S. (2003). Power without accountability?. The Global Accountability Report. Executive Summary (No 1). One World Trust.
Kwak, D. & Kwon, Y. (2016). Can an organization’s philanthropic donations encourage consumers to give? The roles of gratitude and boundary conditions. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 15(4), 348-358. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.1576
Laidler-Kylander, N. & Simonin, B. (2009). How international nonprofits build brand equity. International Journal of Nonprofit & Voluntary Sector Marketing, 14(1), 57-69. https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.353
Ledesma, R., Ibañez, G. & Valero, P. (2002). Análisis de consistencia interna mediante Alfa de Cronbach: Un programa basado en gráficos dinámicos. Psico-USF, 7(2), 143-152. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-82712002000200003
Letelier, M., Aller, M. , Henao, D., Sánchez-Pérez, I., Vargas, I., Coderch de Lassaletta, J., Llopart, J. , Ferran, M., Colomés, L. & Vázquez, M. (2010). Diseño y validación de un cuestionario para medir la continuidad asistencial entre niveles desde la perspectiva del usuario: CCAENA. Gaceta Sanitaria, 24(4), 339-346.
Mainardes, E. (2020). Motivating factors in the act of donating money and/or goods in emerging markets: Scale development and validation. Responsibility and Sustainability, 5(1), 68-87. https://responsibility-sustainability.org/index.php/R-S/article/view/78
Marín, A., Gil, I. & Ruiz, M. (2020). ¿Contribuye la innovación a generar valor de marca y satisfacción en el cliente?: Evidencias en la gran distribución de alimentación. Cuadernos de Gestión, 20(3), 29-40. https://doi.org/10.5295/cdg.191130am
Mayorga, J. & Añaños, E. (2020). Atributos de la personalidad de marca socialmente responsable. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 75, 97-120. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2020-1418
Merino, C. & Lautenschlager, G. (2003). Comparación Estadística de la Confiabilidad Alfa de Cronbach: Aplicaciones en la Medición Educacional y Psicológica. Revista de Psicología, 12(2), 127-136. https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-0581.2003.17668
Molinillo, S., Ekinci, Y. & Japutra, A. (2019). A consumer-based brand performance model for assessing brand success. International Journal of Market Research, 61(1), 93-110. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470785318762990
Murillo-Acuña, K. & Oubiña-Barbolla, J. (2013). Brand Equity for nonprofit organizations: Antecedents and consequences for NGOs. Responsibility and Sustainability, 1(3), 67-74. https://responsibility-sustainability.org/index.php/R-S/article/view/23
Netemeyer, R., Krishnan, B., Pullig, C., Wang, G., Yagci, M., Dean, D., Ricks, J. & Wirth, F. (2004). Developing and validating measures of facets of customer-based brand equity. Journal of Business Research, 57(2), 209-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(01)00303-4
Nunnally, J. (1987). Teoría psicométrica (1st ed.) México: Trillas.
Oh, H. (2000). Diners’ perceptions of quality, value, and satisfaction: A practical viewpoint. The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 41(3), 58-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-8804(00)80017-8
Randolph, J. (2008). Online Kappa Calculator [Computer software]. Retrieved from http://justus.randolph.name/kappa
Salamon, L., Sokolowski, S. & List, R. (2003). Global Civil Society: An Overview. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies.
Sargeant, A., Ford, J. B. & West, D. C. (2006). Perceptual determinants of nonprofit giving behavior. Journal of Business Research, 59(2), 155-165. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.jbusres.2005.04.006
Sirdeshmukh, D., Singh, J. & Sabol, B. (2002). Consumer Trust, Value, and Loyalty in Relational Exchanges. Journal of Marketing, 66(1), 15-37. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.66.1.15.18449
Smillie, I. (1995). The alms bazaar: altruism under fire: non-profit organizations and international development. Ottawa: International Development Research.
Tinsley, H. & Weiss, D. (1975). Interrater reliability and agreement of subjective judgments. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 22(4), 358-376. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076640
Upamannyu, N., Gulati, C. & Mathur, G. (2013) Effect of brand trust, brand affect and brand image on customer brand loyalty and consumer brand extension attitude in FMCG sector. Practices and Research in Marketing, 3(2), 1-14.
Venable, B., Rose, G. & Gilbert, F. (2003). Measuring the brand personality of non-profit organizations. Advances in Consumer Research, 30(1), 379-380.
Venkateswaran, P., Binith, M., Geetha, U. & Ananthi, N. (2011). A Study on Brand Personality Dimensions and Brand Loyalty towards Raymond Brand. Journal of Marketing & Communication, 7(2), 21-30.
Vera, J. (2008). Perfil de valor de marca y la medición de sus componentes. Academia. Revista Latinoamericana de Administración, 41, 69-89. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/716/71611842007.pdf
Wang, J.-W., Wei, C.-N., Harada, K., Minamoto, K., Ueda, K., Cui, H.-W., Zhang, C.-G., Cui, Z.-T. & Ueda, A. (2011). Applying the social cognitive perspective to volunteer intention in China: The mediating roles of self-efficacy and motivation. Health Promotion International, 26(2), 177-187. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daq056
Wang, X. & Yang, Z. (2010). The Effect of Brand Credibility on Consumers’ Brand Purchase Intention in Emerging Economies: The Moderating Role of Brand Awareness and Brand Image. Journal of Global Marketing, 23(3), 177-188. https://doi.org/10.1080/08911762.2010.487419
Webster, K. (2002). Branding the nonprofit. Social Service Journal, 5, 5-7.
Yannopoulou, N., Koronis, E. & Elliott, R. (2011). Media amplification of a brand crisis and its effect on brand trust. Journal of Marketing Management. 27(5-6), 530-546. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2010.498141
Yoo, B. & Donthu, N. (2001). Developing and validating a multidimensional consumer-based brand equity scale. Journal of Business Research, 52(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(99)00098-3
Zeithaml, V. (1988). Consumer Perceptions of Price, Quality, and Value: A Means-End Model and Synthesis of Evidence. Journal of Marketing, 52(3), 2-22. https://doi.org/10.2307/1251446
Zhang, N., Zhou, Z., Su, C. & Zhou, N. (2013). How Do Different Types of Community Commitment Influence Brand Commitment? The Mediation of Brand Attachment. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(11), 836-842. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0456



































